Concept of Managing Teams at the Workplace

Idea of Managing Teams at the Workplace Presentation The idea of collaboration at the work environment is polished in numerous associations. A group can be portrayed as a gathering of individuals who rely upon one another for aptitudes and assets to empower them accomplish a particular goal. Chiefs need unique aptitudes to oversee different representatives in the association to empower them team up on explicit errands to accomplish positive outcomes. Chiefs need to make every one of their representatives clever to guarantee their yield carries positive comes back to the organization.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Concept of Managing Teams at the Workplace explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Concept of Teams Managers ought to understand that groups are framed to accomplish an aggregate target where all individuals rely upon one another to accomplish it. Colleagues should be offered opportunity to settle on their own choices. This methodology makes all individuals from a group to endur e various assessments set forward by their partners. All workers in an association have various characters and this affects the manner in which they share thoughts (Burke and Cooper 57). Directors should structure their groups to suit a wide range of character profiles to make them different and capable. Cooperation encourages associations to accomplish key objectives which are a piece of their drawn out procedures. Successful group managemen encourages business associations to think of new thoughts which make them remain serious in their picked enterprises. Representatives who are talented in an assortment of orders empower firm remain in front of its rivals since they share their insight and aptitudes with one another. Administrators need to screen their groups to guarantee their exercises are in accordance with the firm’s key objectives (Heneman and Greenberger). An administrator ought not meddle unnecessarily in group activities as this will influence the capacity of indi viduals to think all alone. Conditions That Determine Team Success Managers need to realize that there are a few conditions which decide the achievement of working environment groups. The plan of work place groups ought to comply with the general setting where the association executes to make group members’ commitments legitimate and gainful. The authoritative culture should make colleagues increasingly open to secure new abilities and data from one another to empower them push ahead a positive way. The information obtained through joint effort between colleagues improves their capacity to settle on choices which have an orientation on the firm’s tasks (Evans and Lindsay 97). In this way, directors need to urge colleagues to gain from each other to empower them remain concentrated on their targets. Colleagues should open up to one another to construct solid connections to make their group firm and progressive.Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters ? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Team individuals need to learn compromise and critical thinking aptitudes for them to be solid and steady to manage any difficulties which may come their direction. All individuals inside a group ought to be eager to bargain to fabricate agreement when settling on urgent choices. Open correspondence between individuals empowers them to set clear objectives and how they are to be accomplished. Colleagues should share undertakings between them with the goal that everybody is apportioned a particular duty to guarantee that every individual gets urgent information on what should be finished. Group pioneers should assist individuals with defining objectives and screen their exhibition (Jackson, Schuler and Werner 83). Thusly, this empowers individuals to create gauges which direct their partipation inside the group. Building a Cohesive Team It is significant for exercises which are accomplished by work groups to be all around composed. A working environment group should be profitable to cause it to accomplish its objectives inside specified time limits. Individuals should function admirably with one another to accomplish their desires. Undertakings to be performed by every part ought to be very much characterized and adjusted to key objectives in the association. It is fundamental for administrators to choose how much dynamic force groups ought to have first and foremost before they start chipping away at explicit assignments. This will guarantee that choices made by colleagues are functional to make them simple to actualize (Parker 45). Work place groups need to suit various representatives and their abilities to make them compelling. Individuals from work place groups need to think of normal sets of principles, which they all must maintain. Sets of accepted rules help to keep up discipline in all strategies individuals are engaged with to guarantee they are in accordance with authoritative desires. Work environment groups need to do assignments which are all around characterized to make individuals progressively centered around what they have to accomplish. Individuals need to organize on the most significant issues that should be tended to which sway on inward activities inside the association (Sims 104). It is vital for colleagues to settle on choices which are just affected by realities and not closely-held convictions. All in all, working environment groups need to have imaginative individuals to guarantee that they create new thoughts which sway decidedly on inside activities in the firm. All individuals ought to be surveyed on their capacities to decide their commitment to the group. They ought to likewise be urged to take an interest in collaboration as this is the main they can learn new ideas.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Concept of Managing Teams at the Workplace explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Burke, Ronald J., and Cary L. Cooper. Rehashing Human Resources Management: Challenges And New Directions. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print. Evans, James Robert, and William M. Lindsay. Overseeing for Quality and Performance Excellence. Bricklayer: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Heneman, Robert L., and David B. Greenberger. Human Resource Management in Virtual Organizations. London: Information Age Publishing, 2002.Print Jackson, Susan E., Randall S. Schuler, and Steve Werner. Overseeing Human Resources. Bricklayer: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Parker, Glenn M. Cooperative people and Teamwork: New Strategies for Developing Successful Collaboration. New York, NY: Wiley, 2011. Print. Sims, Ronald. Hierarchical Success Through Effective Human Resources Management. New York : Greenwood, 2002. Print.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) :: essays research papers

Advanced Subscriber Line (DSL) Advanced Subscriber Line new innovation that exploits standard copper phone line to give secure, dependable, rapid Internet get to. DSL alludes to the group of computerized supporter line advances, for example, ADSL, HDSL, and RADSL. Association speed for DSL ranges from 1.44 Mbps to 512 Kbps downstream and around 128 Kbps upstream. Not at all like conventional associations DSL, for example, simple modems and IDSN, DSL convey nonstop â€Å"always on† get to. That implies media rich sites, email, and other online applications are accessible whenever. DSL makes it feasible for you to stay online even while you’re chatting on the phone without endangering the nature of either association. DSL is accessible in a range of velocities. Some are best home use, while others are intended to suit thorough business requests. Regardless of whether for business or the home, DSL, offers superb value/execution esteem contrasted with other online alternatives. There are the five realiti es that one should think about DSL. It is astoundingly quick. With DSL administration, you can profit by Internet speeds that are as long as 12 minutes quicker than an average ISDN association and multiple times quicker than customary 28.8 Kbps modems. This implies in the 12 seconds it takes to peruse this data, you could have downloaded a 2 megabyte introduction document or web photo. It would take 10 additional minutes (600 additional seconds!) to download the equivalent with a conventional 28.8 Kbps. It’s exceptionally dependable. One can rely upon DSL since its demonstrated innovation exploits the current media communications foundation. It’s intrinsically secure. DSL arrange gives a committed Internet association through private phone wires, you can sidestep dial-up gatecrashers or shared system programmers. Dissimilar to conventional dial-upp modems or link modems. DSL ensures your significant information with the most secure association accessible. It’s a stounding reasonable. DSL is broadly perceived as the most practical network answer for little buisness. DSL conveys modern quality like speed to numerous clients at just 25% of ordinary TI costs. There is no better value choice accessible. DSL is additionally an extraordinary incentive for home clients. At about $2 every day for administrations that addresses the issues of a great many people. The association is consistently on. It’s prepared to run each moment of the day. There’s no additionally signing on and off. Not any more bustling signs or detaches. This gives you the opportunity to concentrate on what you need to achieve on line as opposed to concentrating on attempting to get associated.

Essay on the Power of Language in The Plague -- Albert Camus Plague Es

The Power of Language in The Plague In his novel The Plague, Albert Camus presents a pseudo-verifiable narrative of a plague that limits and controls the residents of Oran inside their city doors. The plague has the intensity of life and demise over the individuals, as it figures out which residents will confront their passing or the individuals who work to stop demise. These last men, exemplified by the character's of Rieux, Grand, and Tarrau, each battle perpetually to ace the plague's control over their lives, even with the acknowledgment they may never succeed. For Camus, this thought of unthinkable battle against a concealed force resounds all through the novel and reoccurs in another plague which these men must fight - the constraints of human language. Camus' characters place extraordinary accentuation and significance upon the intensity of language and regret their powerlessness to communicate obviously. Subsequently, Camus sets up that human language, similar to the plague, has a subtle force in deciding the l ives of these men even as they battle to ace and control it. Camus exhibit this first through his depiction of Rieux's battle to pick words cautiously as he perceives their capacity to both characterize and control his work. Next Camus sets up the intensity of words in his funny yet piercing depiction of Grand, whose powerlessness to locate the correct words smothers and limits the two his work and his marriage (p.42). Finally, Camus expounds upon this intensity of words through the activities of Tarrau who legitimately connects the abuse of words with the ability to execute. For Dr. Bernard Rieux, the utilization of human language will in the long run help characterize his work. In this way he battles to pick his words cautiously. When being approached to portray the mysteri... ...termine occasions in human life in any event, when the speaker attempts to forestall this. In this manner, he builds up by and by the intensity of language over individuals who can be aware of language's capacity yet never totally control this force in human life. Through his depiction of Rieux, Grand, And Tarrau, Camus portrays the intensity of language as each endeavor to ace and are aced by it. In doing so Camus pays tribute to language and makes The Plague an editorial on the imaginative procedure, as Camus himself battles with language in his vocation as an author. Along these lines Camus' epic likewise fills in as a tale of the composed word, as essayist's must battle to ace the language in their works. For Camus, the lesson of the story cautions the peruser to be cautious while picking his words as every ha potential capacity to control lives. Works Cited: Camus, Albert, The Plague. Vintage: NY, 1991.

New Questions About Life Changing Event Essay Topics Chaampionship Game Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

New Questions About Life Changing Event Essay Topics Chaampionship Game Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report Aside from bridal dress and photoshoots, in addition, there are many activities you are able to enhance your wedding to boost the entertainment of your visitors. If you intend to travel the world or starts a company, just begin doing it even if it's only a small step. Your family and friends will still be there, and you'll continue to be able to be in touch with them through the world wide web or by phone on a normal basis. Social media ensure it is simple to craft the overall look of a terrific life. To do that, we must have the ability to take a tough look at that which we want, that which we need, that which we love and that which we hate. The very first blank page was so tough. Nevertheless, if things change unexpectedly, sometimes you just have to roll with this. Ensure the things around you're net positive. Getting the Best Life Changing Event Essay Topics Chaampionship Game Keep yourself away from devices while you're sleeping. For the best outcome, PEMF frequencies are tuned to delta-state to allow increased quality recovery utilizing a process called brainwave entrainment. Your sleep will change as you're going through menopause, that is true. Moving away from men and women you love can be quite stressful and difficult, but it doesn't need to be. So no this isn't a sect. There's a myth that in the event you build a fantastic idea people will come. Know the bullet points you want to hit and be sure you hit them. New Ideas Into Life Changing Event Essay Topics Chaampionship Game Never Before Revealed In many firms, the form of DUI, along with the seriousness of the offense, will be taken into account before hiring new employees. Otherwise, initial drunk-driving offense causes a calendar year's suspension that leads to potential havoc to an individual's job, educational pursuits, and family obligations. Not being really prepared to decide about whether to find a divorce because of emotional uncertainty is going to be a critical obstacle if you let your emotions cloud your capacity to reason or utilize logic. This item to take into account when thinking about divorce is among the key things that could lead a man or woman to a decision, 1 way or another. The Hidden Truth About Life Changing Event Essay Topics Chaampionship Game Albert Einstein Success ought to be something you don't just need to attain, but something you MUST achieve. No Third Parties It's not reasonable to pull different individuals in to support your side. Everyth ing we read said this isn't a pitch. You may only do that if you keep focused in the present on the present discussion. It usually means that if you look back on the decision you've made, the path you've taken, you wouldn't have changed what you did. Be open to the people that you meet and your conversation will grow more meaningful. Sometimes two or three conversations happening simultaneously. Unexpressed emotions won't ever die. Like a great friend and what happened to terminate the friendship. Friendship is the secret to a joyful relationship. My mother was a rather flawed woman and we had an extremely complicated relationship. Choose the change and discover what life has to provide you with! It is the largest occasion in anybody's life. The exact same is true of genuine life. At times you will experience tragedy. Moreover, there's no need to consider repairing the world as a charitable act. There's no church, no bible and no pastor who'd let you know what is wrong and what's ideal. For tourism purposes There are lots of people keen to cover a weekend close to nature with the full family and fincas usually offer you a package of a couple of days with distinctive pursuits. Some people might be pleased with a 9 to 5 or even 9 to 9 existence, but for all those who want time freedom, getting from the comfortable zone is necessary to attain this freedom. It's a means to realize your dreams. Life may throw you a curve ball from time to time and, from time to time, it may appear hopeless. It's a distinctive experience . The area where your best discomfort lies is in addition the spot where your biggest opportunity lives. It is not going to be easy to select the step out of our comfort zone, but in the very long run, you'll have considerably more freedom and happiness because of it. To prepare to acquire out of your comfort zone you have to first feel deep down that you've got to. Your comfort zone is presently expanding and when it's coupled with success each moment, you'll never need to stop.

Coup de fil - French Expression

Expression: Un coup de filPronunciation: [koo d(eu) feel]Meaning: phone call​Literal translation: line hitRegister: informalNotes: The French expression un coup de fil is an informal* term for a phone call, and its usually used with one of three verbs: donner un coup de fil (à   quelquun) -to make a phone call, to give (someone) a call passer un coup de fil (à   quelquun) -to make a phone call, to give (someone) a call recevoir un coup de fil (de quelquun) -to receive/get a phone call (from someone) Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚  Passe-moi / Donne-moi un coup de fil  !  Ã‚  Ã‚  Give me a call!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai reà §u un coup de fil de mon frà ¨re.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I got a call from my brother, My brother called me.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Juste un coup de fil et je pars.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just a phone call and Im leaving. (I just have to make a phone call and then Im leaving). Synonyms   Ã‚  Ã‚  *The normal (as opposed to informal) terms are un coup de tà ©là ©phone, un appel, and un appel tà ©là ©phonique.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other ways to say to call (someone) are passer/donner un coup de tà ©là ©phone (à   quelquun), tà ©là ©phoner (à   quelquun), and appeler (quelquun). More Expressions with donnerExpressions with passerExpressions with coupExpressions with deOn the phoneMost common French phrases

Conceptual Framework Of Risk Factors Of Preterm Birth Essay

Conceptual Framework of Risk Factors of Preterm Birth Preterm birth (PTB) is defined by World Health Organization (WHO), as â€Å"a premature birth occurs before the start of the 37th week of pregnancy†(World Health Organization). It is not only a medical problem but also a huge public health issue, because the consequences of preterm birth include multiple infant health problems, such as multi-organ dysfunction and developmental defects, later behavioral and psychological disorders, and higher infant mortality rates. For example, a study indicates that preterm births accounts for one third of infant mortality in the US (Callaghan et al.). Considering the severity, the health outcome is PTB in this conceptual framework. In St. Louis, the prevalence of PTB is 12.5%, higher than both Missouri and National level respectively (9.8% vs. 9.6%) (National Center for Health Statistics (US) Division of Vital Statistics). Moreover, in St. Louis where 49.2% residents are African Americans (AAs), the prevalence of PTB among AAs are higher than European Americans (13.4% vs. 9.1%), suggesting health disparity is prominent. In addition, AA female adolescents are vulnerable to teen birth due to 26% of teen births and 22% repeat teen pregnancy are AAs (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, Office of Adolescent Health). Thus, the target population in current conceptual framework is AA teenage mothers (age under 20 years). The risk factors of PTB in current framework are classified into fourShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Countries Are Plagued By Poor Maternal, Infant And Child Health Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pageshave a greater risk of death or giving birth to a preterm, underweight or malnourished infant (Save the Children 2012). Good nutrition during the first 1000 days is important to lay the foundation for optimal child brain development (Save the Children 2012). This is so they have better cognitive, motor and social skills, can be successful at school and be productive members in their communities and country (Save the Children 2012). Maternal malnutrition is a changeable risk factor for the preventionRead MoreAnalysis of Middle Range Nursing Theory Essay2095 Words   |  9 Pagesapproximately 30%-75% of pregnant women and resolves after delivery. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy can also increase the risk of extensive erosion (Varney, Kriebs, Gegor, 2004; Barak, Oettinger, Machetie, Peled, Ohel, 2003). In addition, changes in diet, such as increased consumption of carbohydrates, increased acid from vomiting, and changes in oral hygiene may increase the risk of tooth decay during pregnancy (Russel Mayberry, 2008). Current research and evidence shows the importance ofRead MoreBonding : Maternal Infant Attachment And The Maternal Role Attainment Theory1707 Words   |  7 Pagesparadigm. (McEwen, M. Wills, E.M.) According to McEwen Wills concept exploration, concept clarification, and concept analysis are three strategies described by Meleis in 2012. These are used in nursing theory, research and practice to develop conceptual meanings. (McEwen, M. Wills, E.M.) This concept exploration paper will focus on Bonding: maternal-infant attachment and the Maternal Role Attainment Theory. The MFAS (Maternal Fetal Attachment Scale) (Cranley, 1981) is a renowned tool to measureRead MoreDifferences InMortality, Burden, And Cost To Society?6210 Words   |  25 Pages 1.1.3 Mortality, Burden, and Cost to Society The epidemiologic burden of pre-term births in Canada is significant. Preterm infants have shown substantially higher health expenditures and hospital costs than infants who are born at the recommended gestational age (CIHI, 2006). For neonates born at 29 weeks †¢ Birthweight: ≠¤749 g; 750 g – 999 g; ≠¥1000 g GA and BW were chosen as sub-group categories because they allow for a clear and concise way to separate the patient population. ExaminingRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesmastered in one area with those in other areas. The Desired Results Developmental Profile access provides a means to observe the knowledge and skills of preschool children with disabilities whose development is best described within a range from birth to five years. The examples listed under each foundation suggest a range of possible ways in which children can demonstrate the competency addressed by a founda- tion. The examples illustrate the different contexts in which children may show

Operation Research free essay sample

The basic dominant characteristic feature of operations research is that it employs mathematical representations or models to analyse problems. This distinct approach represents an adaptation of the scientific methodology used by the physical sciences. OR methodology consists of five steps. They are defining the problem, constructing the model, solving the model, validating the model, and implementing the result. Definition: The first and the most important step in the OR approach of problem solving is to define the problem. Construction: based on the problem definition, you need to identify and select the most appropriate model to represent the system. Solution: After deciding on an appropriate model, you need to develop a solution for the model and interpret the solution in the context of the given problem. Validation: A model is a representation of a system, however, the optimal solution must work towards improving the system’s performance. Implementation: You need to apply the optimal solution obtained from the model to the system and note the improvement in the performance of the system. Techniques and tools of operation research: Linear programming: You can use linear programming to find a solution for optimising a given objective. The objective may be to maximize profit or to minimize cost. Inventory control methods: The production, purchasing, and material managers are always confronted with questions, such as when To buy, and how much to keep in stock. Goal programming: In linear programming , you take a single objective function and consider all other factors as constraints. Queuing model: The queuing theory is based on the concept of probability. There is no maximization or minimization of an objective function. Transportation model: The transportation model is an important class of linear programs. The supply at each source and the demand at each destination are known. In additional to the above, there are tools such as the sequence model, the assignment model, and network analysis, which you will learn in detail in the later units. Q. 2: a. Explain the steps involved in linear programming problem formulation. Discuss in brief the advantages of linear programming. Alpha Limited produces sells two different products under the brand names black white. The profit per unit on these products in Rs. 50 Rs. 40 respectively. Both the products employ the same manufacturing process which has a fixed total capacity of 50,000 man-hours. As per the estimates of the marketing research department of Alpha Limited, there is a market demand for maximum 8,000 units of Black 10,000 units of white. Subject to the overall demand, the products can be sold in any possible combination. If it takes 3 hours to produce one unit of black 2 hours to produce one unit of white, formulate the model of linear. Ans: (A)The steps involved in the formation of linear programming problem are as follows: Step 1 Identify the Decision Variables of interest to the decision maker and express them as x1, x2, x3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Step 2 Ascertain the Objective of the decision maker whether he wants to minimize or to maximize. Step 3 Ascertain the cost (in case of minimization problem) or the profit (in case of maximization problem) per unit of each of the decision variables. Discuss in brief the advantages of linear programming: Linear programming technique helps in making the optimum utilization of productive resources. The quality of decisions may also be improved by linear programming techniques. Linear programming technique provides practically applicable solutions because there might be other constraints operating outside the problem. In production processes, high lighting of bottlenecks is the most significant advantage of this technique. (B) Q. 3: A. What is degeneracy in transportation problem? How it can be resolved? B. Solve the following transportation problem using Vogel’s approximation metodh. Factories Distribution Centres Supply C1 C2 C3 C4 F1 3 2 7 6 50 F2 7 5 2 3 60 F3 2 5 4 5 25 Requirements 60 40 20 15 Ans:(A) If the basic feasible solution of a transportation problem with m origins and n destinations has fewer than m + n – 1 positive xij (occupied cells), the problem is said to be a degenerate transportation problem. This also means that a feasible solution to a transportation problem can have only m+ n-1 positive component, otherwise, the solution will degenerate. The basic solution to an m-origin, n destination transportation problem can have at most m+n-1 positive basic variables (non-zero), otherwise the basic solution degenerates, it follows that whenever the number of basic cells is less than m+n-1, the transportation problem is a degenerate one. This value may be thought of as an infinitely small amount, having no direct bearing on the cost of the solution. Degeneracy can occur at two stages: 1. At the initial solution 2. During the testing of the optimal solution To resolve degeneracy, we make use of an artificial quantity (d). The quantity d is assigned to that unoccupied cell, which has the minimum transportation cost. This can be achieved either y inspection or by following some simple rules. We can begin by imagining that the transportation table is blank that is intial Xij = 0. (B) First find the penalty cost, naively the difference between the smallest and next smallest costs in each row and column. The VAM assigns penalties to bad choices by assigning to each row (respectively, column) the penalty equal to the difference of the two smallest cost coefficients in that row (respectively, column). Row Penalty Prepare row ruled matrix by selecting the minimum values for each row and subtract it from the other element of the row. Step 2:Prepare column reduced matrix by subtracting minimum value of the column from the other values of that column. Step 3:Assign zero row wise if there is only one zero in the row and cross(X) or cancel other zeros in that column. Step 4:Assign column wise if there is only one zero in the column and cross other zeros in that row. Step 5:Repeat steps 3 4 till all zeros are either assigned or crossed. If the number of assignments is equal to number of rows present, if not, proceed to step6. Step 6:Mark the unassigned rows. Look for crossed zero in that row. Mark the column containing the crossed zero. Mark the row containing assigned zero. Repeat this process till all the makings are done. Step 7:Draw a straight line through unmarked rows and marked column. The number of straight line drawn will be equal to the number of assignments made. Step 8:Select the minimum. Subtract it from the uncovered elements. Add it at the point of intersection of lines. Leave the rest as is. Prepare a new table. Step 9:Repeat steps 3 to 7 till optimum assignment is obtained. Step 10:Repeat steps 5 to 7 till number if allocation = number of rows. Transportation Assignment This problem contains specific demand and requirement in columns and rows. The demand and availability in each column or row is one. Total demand must be equal to the total Availability. It is a square matrix. The no of rows must be equal to the no of columns. The optimal solution involves the following conditions M+N-1 M rows N columns The optimal solutions involves one assignment in each row and each column. There is no restriction in the number of allotments in any row or column. There should be only one allotment in each row and each column. It is a problem of allocating multiple resources to multiple markets. It is a problem of allocation resources to job. (B) Applying Hungarian method Explain the Simulation procedure. Discuss the use of Simulation with an example. Ans: Simulation: Simulation is the process of defining a model of a real system and conducting experiments with this model for the purpose of understanding the behavior for the operation of a system. Using simulation, an analyst can introduce the constants and variables releted to the problem, set up the possible courses of action and establish criteria which act as measures of effectiveness. Simulation procedure: In the previous section, you learnt why simulation technique is applied. You will now learn the methodology of simulation. The methodology developed for simulation process by follow as: Step-1 Identify and clearly define the problem. Step-2 List the statement of objective of the problem. Step-3 Formulate the variables that influence the situation and an exact or probabilistic description of their possible values or states. Step-4 Obtain a consistent set of values for the variables, for example: a sample of probabilistic variable, random sampling technique may be used. Step-5 Use the sample obtained in step 4 to calculate the value of the decision criterion, by actually following the relationships among the variables for each of the alternative decisions. Step-6 Repeat steps 4 and 5 until a sufficient number of samples are available. Step-7 the bulate the various values of the decision criterion and choose the best policy. Discuss the use of Simulation with an example: Discuss below, Economics A mathematical model of the economy, having been fitted to historical economic data, is used as a proxy for the actual economy; proposed values of government spending, taxation, open market operations, etc. are used as inputs to the simulation of the model. Engineering, technology, and processes Simulation is an important feature in engineering systems or any system that involves many processes. Finance In finance, computer simulations are often used for scenario planning. Q. 6: Explain the following: a. Integer programming model b. PERT and CPM c. Operating Characteristics of a Queuing System Ans: A. Integer programming model: These methods may be used when one or more of the variables can take only integral values. Examples are the number of trucks in a fleet, the number of generators in a power house, etc. This problem can be classified into three categories: Pure Integer programming problem: all decision variables are restricted to integer values. Mixed integer programming problem: Here some, but not all, of the decision variables are restricted to integer values. Zero-one integer programming problem: all decision variables are restricted to integer values of 0 and 1. Airline decides on the number of flights to operate in a given sector must be an integer or whole number amount. Other examples: The number of aircraft purchased this year, The number of machines needed for production, The number of trips made by a sales person, The number of police officers assigned to the night shift. Some Facts: Integer variables may be required when the model represents a one time decision (not an ongoing operation). Integer Linear Programming (ILP) models are much more difficult to solve than Linear Programming (LP) models. Algorithms that solve integer linear models do not provide valuable sensitivity analysis results. B. PERT and CPM: Network scheduling is a technique used for planning, scheduling and monitoring large projects. Such large projects are very common in the field of construction, maintenance, computer system installation, research and development design, etc. Projects under network analysis are broken down into individual tasks, which are arranged in a logical sequence by deciding as to which activities should be performed simultaneously and which others sequentially. In this Project scheduling and PERT-CPM in operation management, we will study about the basic different between PERT and CPM. We will study about PERT and CPM network components, determination of floats and project management. Project management has evolved as a new field and project management. PERT and CPM are basically time-oriented methods in the sense that they both lead to the determination of a time schedule. C. Operating Characteristics of a Queuing System: a queuing model has the following operation characteristics which enables us to understand and efficiently manage a queue: Queue length: The number of customers in the waiting line reflects one of the two conditions. Number of customers in system: The number of customers in queue and also those being served in the queue relates to the service efficiency and capacity. Waiting time in queue: Long Waiting times may indicate a need to adjust the services rate of the system or change the arrival rate of customers. Waiting time in system: The total elapsed time form entry into the system until exit from the system may indicate problems with customers, sever efficiency or capacity. Service facility utilization: The collective utilization of the service facilities reflects the percentage of time the facilities are busy. A queuing system is said to be in transient state when its operating characteristics are dependent upon time.